Seedless pepper plants

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods and composition for preparing seeds that when cultivated produce pepper plants with seedless fruits. These plants may further be male sterile and contain a stable non-Peterson Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (“CMS”). The invention also provides essentially pure populations of seed that, when grown, produce pepper plants with seedless fruit. Methods are provided comprising crossing a stable non-Peterson CMS plant as a female parent with pepper lines displaying a parthenocarpy trait. The invention also includes the seeds produced by such a method. Methods for breeding and using seedless pepper plants for enhancing the production of fruit under suboptimal temperature conditions are also provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Appl. Ser. No. 61/562,942 filed Nov. 22, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

1. Field Of The Invention

The present invention relates to the field of plant breeding and, more specifically, to the development of seedless pepper plants.

2. Description of Related Art

The goal of vegetable breeding is to combine various desirable traits in a single variety/hybrid. Production of hybrid peppers may be carried using genetic male sterility. Genetic male sterility in peppers can be obtained via two systems: a system in which the male sterility factors are coded in nuclear DNA (“genic;” “GMS”), or one in which the male sterility factors are coded in the mitochondrial DNA (“cytoplasmic;” “CMS”). Male sterility systems in which sterility is specified by a mitochondrial DNA trait, and in which fertility is restored by a nuclear trait are sometimes referred to as “CGMS”—Cytoplasmic—genic male sterility.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a method for producing seed for growing a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant comprising: crossing as a female parent a first pepper plant comprising a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) trait with a second plant which is parthenocarpic to produce at least a first seed of a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant. In certain embodiments, the cytoplasm of a C. baccatum plant may be combined with the nuclear genome of a C. annuum plant by crossing plants; in other embodiments, the cytoplasm and nuclear genome may be combined by producing a somatic hybrid (e.g. by protoplast fusion). In one embodiment, the invention provides such a method wherein the CMS trait is not a Peterson CMS trait. In certain embodiments the CMS trait is derived from a Capsicum baccatum plant. The method may further comprise harvesting said seed. In some embodiments the method further comprises growing a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant from said seed. One example of such a pepper plant is a bell pepper plant.

In some embodiments of the method the second pepper plant does not comprise a functional CMS restorer allele. In certain embodiment the method may further comprise producing a population of seeds of a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant. In certain embodiments, 100% of the population of seeds produces a seedless pepper plant.

In another aspect, the invention provides a seed produced by crossing as a female parent a first pepper plant comprising a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) trait with a second plant which is parthenocarpic to produce at least a first seed of a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant. A plant grown from such a seed, or a vegetative propagation thereof, is also provided by the invention, as well as a part of such a plant. Another aspect of the invention provides a method of producing a pepper plant comprising vegetatively propagating the plant. In some embodiments the plant part may further be defined as a leaf, a bud, a meristem, an embryo, a root, a root tip, a stem, a flower, a fruit, or a cell. In particular embodiments the plant part is further defined as a pepper fruit that lacks internal carpelloid structures.

A tissue culture of regenerable cells of such a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant is another aspect of the invention, as is a population of seed produced by the disclosed methods, wherein 100% of the population of seed produces a seedless pepper plant.

In further embodiments, the invention provides seeds, plants and fruit prepared by a method of the invention. Populations of such plants, seeds and pepper fruits are also provided. In specific embodiments, the populations are defined as comprised of or consisting essentially of seedless pepper fruits, or seeds of plants, or plants that produce such seedless pepper fruits. In another embodiment, populations of pepper fruits are provided wherein at least about 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% of said population is made up of seedless pepper fruits. Populations of seed that produce plants with seedless pepper fruits and that are prepared by a method of the invention are also provided herein. Such populations may in specific embodiments be defined as comprised 100% of seed that produces seedless peppers. In certain embodiments the population may comprise at least about 25, at least about 50 or at least about 100 seeds. In still another embodiment, a pepper seed, plant or fruit in a composition or method of the invention is a bell pepper.

In another aspect, a method is provided for increasing the per plant yield of fruit of a sweet pepper plant, comprising growing plants produced from the seed of the pepper plant of claim 1 at a minimum daily temperature of 14° or under for at least 3 days during the growing period of flowering, pollination, and fruit set. Thus, a method is also provided for increasing the number or yield of fruit of pepper plants grown under cold conditions, comprising: growing a pepper plant comprising a parthenocarpy trait under cold conditions, and harvesting the fruit produced thereby. In one embodiment of the method, the pepper plant comprises a parthenocarpy trait and a CMS trait derived from C. baccatum.

Embodiments discussed in the context of methods and/or compositions of the invention may be employed with respect to any other method or composition described herein. Thus, an embodiment pertaining to one method or composition may be applied to other methods and compositions of the invention as well.

As used herein the specification, “a” or “an” may mean one or more. As used herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word “comprising”, the words “a” or “an” may mean one or more than one.

The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” As used herein “another” may mean at least a second or more.

Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Schematic presentation of the crossing for the development of seedless pepper plants. The non-Peterson CMS Baccatum line (line containing C. baccatum cytoplasm with C. annuum nuclear genome) is used as female plant and crossed with several cultivars of Corno di Toro (C. annuum) that were selected to be highly parthenocarpic, but male fertile. Progeny are cytoplasmic male sterile and parthenocarpic. Plants grown from the hybrid seed produce 100% seedless fruits.

FIG. 2: Fruits of the progeny from the cross non-Peterson CMS Baccatum and the selected cultivars of Corno di Toro that are highly parthenocarpic. Depicted are representative fruits of the progeny. The fruits were cut open and put on a 1 cm paper grid.

FIG. 3: Plot of average fruit weight and size of progeny fruit. Graphical representation of average fruit weights of progeny fruit (in grams) and of the length and width (in millimeter).

FIG. 4: Greenhouse temperature data as discussed in Example 4.

FIG. 5: Mean number of button fruit at each harvest time.

FIGS. 6A-6B: Fruit yield of seeded vs. seedless plants at each harvest time. FIG. 6A: seeded yield is on the X axis and seedless yield on the Y axis. FIG. 6B: seeded versus seedless yield per scoring and on average. * indicates a significant difference between the two categories. The percentage of increase or decrease between seeded and seedless yield is also indicated.

FIG. 7: Number of fruit on seeded versus seedless plants, per plant per scoring and on average over the three harvest dates. * indicates a significant difference between the two categories. The percentage of increase or decrease between seeded and seedless fruit numbers is also indicated.

FIG. 8: Fruit size analysis for seeded versus seedless fruit. * indicates a significant difference between the two categories. The percentage of decrease between seeded and seedless fruit size is also indicated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides methods and compositions relating to pepper plants, seeds and derivatives of pepper plants/lines with a high level of parthenocarpy, and which produce seedless, or substantially seedless, fruit. In certain embodiments of the invention, the fruit of such plants are 100% seedless in that the fruit contain no viable seeds. The seedless peppers may be made in accordance with the invention by development and use of a pollinator line that displays a high level of parthenocarpy, and carries at least a first parthenocarpy gene. Such a line may be the result of direct selection in a breeding program for parthenocarpy, and more generally for seedless pepper. This line may then be crossed with, for example, an alloplasmic Cytoplasmic Male Sterile (CMS) pepper line. Additionally, genetic determinants found in the nucleus and cytoplasm may be combined by, for instance, protoplast fusion to produce a somatic hybrid plant with a cytoplasm from C. baccatum and a nuclear genome from C. annuum. In some embodiments, a pepper plant which produces seedless pepper fruit may be produced by one or more steps of sexual crossing and somatic hybridization according to methods well known in the art. The genetic basis for this alloplasmic CMS (i.e. this “CMS system”) is distinct from the Peterson CMS system, and was found to be stable in all types tested to date, including in bell type and “Corno di Toro” types of peppers. In addition, no occurrence of restoration alleles in the breeding germplasm has been found in this CMS system. It was surprisingly found in particular that this system could be used in combination with parthenocarpy to obtain up to 100% yield of seedless pepper, with a general absence of restorer alleles and stability of the CMS system. The techniques described herein for yielding essentially pure populations of seed of a hybrid seedless pepper represent a major breakthrough for the future of seedless pepper, allowing for instance for production of seedless fruit of acceptable size on plants that do not suffer from irregular bearing (“flushing”) of fruit.

Commercial peppers are primarily of the species Capsicum annuum (e.g. bell peppers), Capsicum frutescens (Tabasco pepper), Capsicum chinense (Habanero pepper), and C. baccatum. Pepper is an herbaceous annual species with fruits that vary in color, pungency and shapes and sizes. In view of the disclosed methods and compositions, pepper plants which produce seedless sweet fruit (lacking or having essentially undetectable levels of capsaicin), as well as seedless spicy fruit (containing capsaicin), of various shapes, colors, and sizes are contemplated, as well as (parental) seeds, cells, vegetative propagules, and fruit. For instance, the seedless fruit may be blocky or pointed, half-long, or of the Dulce Italiano or Corno di Toro types, among others.

Among C. annuum pepper plants, those pepper plants with bell-shaped or blocky fruits are termed “bell pepper” plants, that is pepper plants with a blocky fruit shape, wherein the fruit length divided by the fruit width is in a range from 0.8 to 1.2. These plants often have an irregular fruit set characterized by periods of high yield alternating with periods of low yield. This cyclical fluctuation of fruit set is known as “flushing.” The observed fluctuation is explained by the competition for energy and assimilates between plant growth and fruit growth/fruit maturation. The presence of developing fruits is highly energy-consuming and is declining when the fruits are almost full-grown. A plant with both developing fruit and flowers will generally abort the flowers leading to a group of nodes without fruits. Flushing creates peaks in the market supply of peppers, which influences the market price of pepper. The labor demand in the greenhouses fluctuates equally with the availability of peppers. Growers thus prefer a more regular pattern of sweet pepper production.

The pepper Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (“CMS”) system or Cytoplasmic Genic Male Sterility (“CGMS”), for which the male sterility factors are coded in the mitochondrial DNA, can be used for the production of fully male sterile progeny. The cytoplasm, including the mitochondria, is passed from the female parent to its progeny. Therefore the progeny plants coming from a cross between two parental plants, one used as female and one used as male, will carry the cytoplasm of the female parental plant. Therefore if this female parental plant displays the CMS trait, then it may be expected that all progeny will also carry that trait. This expectation of the CMS system is valid when both parental plants are deprived of so called “Restorer” alleles. In the presence of Restorer alleles, a plant will be fertile even if its cytoplasm is derived from a CMS maternal parent. For a long time, the only CMS system available in pepper was the Peterson CMS system. However the Peterson CMS system is unstable in many pepper types and most notably in the bell pepper type. Therefore when the Peterson CMS system is utilized for breeding with bell peppers, it is, to date, not useful for obtaining consistently seedless-fruited pepper plants.

Fertility restoration of Peterson's cytoplasmic male sterility in pepper is controlled by at least one major gene and several minor genes, and is thus variable in view of the genetic background of a given pepper plant. Fertility restoration is also environment-dependent. Restorer genes of the Peterson CMS system are widely spread in pepper, thus making the male sterile trait genetically unstable during breeding. Additionally, the Peterson CMS system is highly unstable at lower temperatures, such as below 24° C.

An alternate CMS system may thus be utilized, distinct from the Peterson CMS trait. Wide crosses were used to introgress the C. annuum nuclear genome into the cytoplasm of 3 species (C. baccatum, C. frutescens or C. chacoense). Backcrosses and marker assisted backcrossing were used to replace the nuclear genome of female parents of these species with a C. annuum nuclear genome, using marker-assisted screening and backcrosses to ensure the genome wide presence of C. annuum markers along every chromosome. The initial crosses were carried out with lines expected to be easier to cross with the other species, and the 09SP00004 line described below comprises a C. baccatum female pedigree (i.e. cytoplasm). F₁ progeny were confirmed as crosses with SSR markers and by phenotype. Any assayable genetic marker, e.g. in terms of its mapped location, may be used. SSR and SNP markers are well known in Capsicum including C. annuum (e.g. see Minamiyama et al., Mol. Breeding 18:157-169, 2006; Nagy et al., Genome 50:668-688, 2007; and Jung et al., Euphytica 175:91-107, 2010). Once F₁ progeny were established, selection was made in the early backcross generations for sterile plants, and these were backcrossed. After backcrossing, plants were evaluated for horticultural traits. In BC2 through BC4 generations SNP markers were used, distributed across the genome to select for the C. annuum genome. This method provides a rapid advance to the recurrent parent while eliminating the need to backcross plants to identify the more advanced lines by fruit types. The CMS trait in resulting lines was termed “Baccatum CMS.”

The current invention thus provides methods in which a stable non-Peterson CMS system, such as Baccatum CMS, may be used in further breeding with a parthenocarpic pepper line, and which is demonstrated herein to yield progeny plants that are 100% male sterile and that produce seedless pepper fruit typically lacking even rudimentary carpelloid structures. Such methods may be carried out by crossing a female Baccatum CMS parent plant with a highly parthenocarpic male parent pepper plant. Various parthenocarpic pepper lines are known (e.g. CCA7234, CCA7235, and “Bruisma Wonder”; see also Shifriss and Eidelmann, HortScience 21:1458-1459, 1986; Tiwari et al., ISHS Acta. Hort. 761:135-140, 2007; Tiwari, “Parthenocarpic fruit development in Capsicum annuum. Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen Univ., 2011; US20100227041A1; and Gniffke et al., AVRDC Publication No. 09-718, Shanhua, Taiwan, 2009).

One such non-limiting example of a CMS Baccatum line is 09SP0004 (derived from female parent C. baccatum PI 159242 available from USDA-ARS GRIN, National Plant Germplasm System, Beltsville, Md. USA), which is listed in Table 2 and was used as the female parent for the production of the described seedless pepper fruit hybrid plants. Other female lines such as PI 497974 may also be utilized, for instance as described in Example 1. The CMS Baccatum trait may further be readily derived from other lines in addition to those listed in Table 2. Likewise, the CMS Baccatum trait could be introgressed into other lines, for instance by use of marker-assisted selection. The invention thus provides, in one embodiment, a pepper plant comprising the CMS trait found in pepper line 09SP0004.

The presence of a seedless trait, for instance in Solanaceous plants such as pepper, may also result in beneficial effects on fruit setting under cold conditions, fruit yield under cold conditions, and on Brix levels of fruit. That is, a significantly higher Brix (e.g. 1 point) may be seen.

As used herein, “cold conditions” is defined as a daily minimum temperature of less than 16° C., 14° C., 12° C., 10° C., 8° C. or 6° C. over a period of at least 3, 5, 7, 9 or more days, for instance during the period(s) of flowering, pollination, fruit setting, and fruit development and growth.

As used herein, “parthenocarpy” is defined as the development of fruits in absence of pollination and/or fertilization, results in the development of seedless fruits. Parthenocarpic fruit development may potentially improve the setting of the pepper fruits, particularly under cold growing conditions.

As used herein, “cytoplasmic male sterility” refers to plants that are not usually capable of breeding from self-pollination, but are capable of breeding from cross-pollination.

As used herein, a “female parent” refers to a pepper plant that is the recipient of pollen from a male donor line, which pollen successfully pollinates an egg. A female parent can be any pepper plant that is the recipient of pollen. Such female parents can be male sterile, for example, because of genic male sterility, cytoplasmic male sterility, or because they have been subject to manual emasculation of the stamens. Genic or cytoplasmic male sterility can be manifested in different manners, such as sterile pollen, malformed or stamenless flowers, positional sterility, and functional sterility.

As used herein, “male parent plant” refers to a parent plant that provides pollen to (i.e. is a pollinator for) a female line. They may be useful for breeding of progeny pepper plants, such as parthenocarpic seedless progeny plants.

As used herein, a “part of the pepper plant” is further defined as pollen, an ovule, a leaf, an embryo, a root, a root tip, an anther, a flower, a fruit, a stem, a cutting, a shoot, a seed, a protoplast, a cell, and a callus. A tissue culture of cells from a pepper plant may also be of use in propagating pepper plants of the present invention. As used herein, “tissue culture” refers to a composition comprising isolated cells of the same type(s) or of a different type, or of a collection of such cells, that may be organized into parts of a plant.

As used herein, a “hybrid pepper plant” includes a plant resulting directly or indirectly from crosses between populations, breeds or cultivars within the genus Capsicum. “Hybrid pepper plant” as used herein also refers to plants resulting directly or indirectly from crosses between different species, varieties or genotypes.

As used herein, a “marker” is an indicator for the presence of at least one phenotype, genotype, or polymorphism. Markers include, but are not limited to, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), cleavable amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), insertion(s)/deletion(s) (“INDEL”(s)), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) sequences. A marker is preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1. A “nucleic acid marker” as used herein means a nucleic acid molecule that is capable of being a marker for detecting a polymorphism, phenotype, or both associated with a trait of interest. Stringent conditions for hybridization of a nucleic acid probe or primer to a marker sequence or a sequence flanking a marker sequence refers, for instance, to nucleic acid hybridization conditions of 1×SSC, and 65° C. As used herein, “marker assay” means a method for detecting a polymorphism at a particular locus using a particular method, e.g. measurement of at least one phenotype (such as a visually detectable trait, including disease resistance), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), single base extension, electrophoresis, sequence alignment, allelic specific oligonucleotide hybridization (ASO), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microarray-based technologies, PCR-based technologies, and nucleic acid sequencing technologies, etc.

Many useful traits that can be introduced by backcrossing, as well as directly into a plant, are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Genetic transformation may therefore be used to insert a selected transgene into a plant of the invention or may, alternatively, be used for the preparation of transgenes which can be introduced by backcrossing. Methods for the transformation of plants that are well known to those of skill in the art and applicable to many crop species include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts. Exemplary nucleic acids which may be introduced to plants of this invention include, for example, DNA sequences or genes from another species, or even genes or sequences which originate with or are present in the same species, but are incorporated into recipient cells by genetic engineering methods rather than classical reproduction or breeding techniques.

One aspect of the current invention thus concerns methods for producing seed for pepper hybrids that grow to yield parthenocarpic seedless fruit. Plants of a female pepper parent displaying the Baccatum CMS trait, such as C. baccatum 09SP0004 may be used in certain embodiments for the development of new parthenocarpic seedless pepper varieties, for instance via marker assisted selection. Alternatively or in addition, a pepper CMS line may be developed by introgressing the C. annuum nuclear genome into cytoplasm from another Capsicum such as C. frutescens, or C. chacoense, including via marker assisted backcrossing to assess replacement of the nuclear genome of any of these three species, or another Capsicum, with a nuclear genome from C. annuum.

The development of new varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. Genetic marker may be utilized in a marker assisted selection breeding method to create novel parthenocarpic lines or cultivars. Alternatively other parthenocarpy-associated genetic markers may be identified by a skilled worker, and may be utilized in accordance with the invention. Thus novel varieties may be created by crossing a stable CMS line, such as a Baccatum CMS line such as 09SP0004, with a parthenocarpic line followed by evaluation of fruiting characteristics of progeny plants. In particular, when a parthenocarpic pepper line is crossed with the CMS Baccatum as described herein, the level of parthenocarpy in the F1 generation can be evaluated because the F1 will be male sterile. Thus the fruit produced will be seedless.

To evaluate the level of parthenocarpy in the F1 generation [CMS Baccatum×parthenocarpic line], a person skilled in the art can measure the number of fruit setting on the plants, as well as, optionally, measure the size of the fruit (length and width), and compare those measurements with ones obtained upon hand pollination of the same F1 genotypes which would yield seeded fruit.

If the level of parthenocarpy obtained in the F1 is not sufficient, one may perform a cross between the original parthenocarpic fertile line and another parthenocarpic line to obtain an F1 generation and subsequently self these F1's. The obtained F2's can be crossed to a CMS Baccatum line in order to assess their level of parthenocarpy when combined with CMS Baccatum. If the level of parthenocarpy appears useful, an F2 plant may be selfed down to, for instance, an F5 or F6 generation in order to genetically fix these genotypes. At each self generation an additional round of selection for parthenocarpy (and other agronomic trait(s)) can be done by crossing a set of plants of a specific generation to a pepper line exhibiting the CMS Baccatum trait, eventually selecting plants which give a desired level of parthenocarpy in combination with the CMS Baccatum trait.

In the present invention, out of 9 F1 hybrids generated by crossing parthenocarpic pepper lines with a CMS Baccatum trait-exhibiting line, 8 gave a satisfactory level of parthenocarpy in the F1, and only one did not. Thus, a person skilled in the art, using the parthenocarpic material available in the literature, can successfully obtain a further parthenocarpic line when crossing a parthenocarpic line with a line exhibiting a CMS Baccatum trait.

New varieties may be created by crossing with a second plant of a male parental line which is parthenocarpic. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Once crosses have been made, selection may take place to identify new varieties which, if seedless, may be propagated vegetatively, including via well known tissue culture techniques. Alternatively, CMS lines may be propagated via pollination by another (fertile) genotype to obtain seed.

The plants of the present invention are particularly well suited for the development of new lines based on the nature of the genetic background of the plants, particularly in view of the CMS and parthenocarpy traits of the parental lines, which may be indicative of suitability of use in a method of producing seeds capable of growing into a seedless pepper plant, as well as other agronomically useful traits listed below. In selecting a second plant to cross with a Baccatum CMS line for the purpose of developing novel pepper lines, it may typically be preferred to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of desirable traits may include, in specific embodiments, parthenocarpy, high seed yield, high seed germination, seedling vigor, high fruit yield, disease tolerance or resistance, and adaptability for soil and climate conditions. Consumer-driven traits, such as a fruit shape, color, texture, and taste are other examples of traits that may be incorporated into new lines of pepper plants developed by this invention. As described, seedless and parthenocarpic progeny of female line 09SP0004 exhibit desirable agronomic traits. For instance, the characteristics of fruit from representative lines 09TM0054, 09TM0055, 09TM0056, 09TM0057, 09TM0058, 09TM0059, 09TM0060, 09TM0061, and 09TM0063 were the subject of an objective analysis for size, seedlessness, and presence of carpelloid structures.

Deposit Information

A deposit of pepper line 09SP0004, which is disclosed herein above and referenced in the claims, was made with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209. The date of deposit was October 21, 2011 and the accession number for those deposited seeds of pepper line 09SP0004 is ATCC Accession No. PTA-12179. All restrictions upon the deposit have been removed, and the deposit is intended to meet all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.801-1.809. The deposit will be maintained in the depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

All references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of CMS Baccatum Lines

The pepper plants/lines used as the females in the seedless pepper plants described herein below, of the type “Corno di Toro”, were developed by introgressing the C. annuum nuclear genome into cytoplasm from C. baccatum, C. frutescens, or C. chacoense via marker assisted backcrossing to replace the nuclear genome of the three latter species with a nuclear genome from C. annuum. The marker assisted backcrossing strategy utilized markers along each pepper chromosome to assess the extent of replacement of the nuclear genome in given tested plants with that of the recurrent parent.

Creation of interspecific F1 plants was accomplished by emasculating flowers of C. baccatum, C. frutescens or C. chacoense in early morning before the anthers had shed their pollen. Pollination with pollen of C. annuum was done around 10 AM. 200 mg/l NAA (1-napthylacetic acid) was applied onto pollinated flowers 1 day post-pollination by dipping the whole flower into a microcentrifuge tube containing the growth regulator solution. When the growth regulator dried up, a second pollination with the same pollen was applied. Fruit were harvested when ripe and seed extraction and embryo rescue were done under aseptic conditions. Embryos were dissected from endosperms and cultured on MS (Murashige & Skoog) media until seedlings were fully developed. C. annuum nuclear genome donor lines (i.e. pollen parents) “A”-“N” are listed in Table 1. Production of interspecific F1 plants is summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 1 C. annuum male parent lines Code Line designation Description A P3117 (PI 640666) Asian B P3850 (PI 640488) P3850 C L633 L633 D P63 Cherry Sweet E P599 P599 F P65 CM334 G HP 470 Asian H HAP 114-1008 Ancho I AP1748 Bell/Blocky J SJR 114-1016 Jalapeño K PX 1141-0025 TMV R Hybrid L PS2391 TMV R Hybrid

TABLE 2 Production of interspecific F1 plants. Capsicum Species Nuclear Genome (female Cytoplasm Donors Selection donor) Generation Donor lines (see Table 1) Phenotype Method baccatum F¹ PI 497974, A, B, C, D, E, F All sterile Phenotypic PI 159242, (sterility) PI 640880 baccatum BC¹ PI 497974, A, G, H, I, J All sterile Phenotypic PI 159242, (sterility) PI 640880 baccatum BC² PI 497974, A, G, H, I, J All sterile Phenotypic PI 159242, (some families (sterility and PI 640880 had some very fruit size) limited fertility) baccatum BC³ PI 497974, I, J All sterile Background PI 159242, selection with PI 640880 markers (384 plex) baccatum BC⁴ PI 497974, I, J All sterile Background PI 159242, selection with PI 640880 markers (192 plex) chacoense F¹ PI 260429 C, D, E, F, I All sterile Phenotypic (sterility) chacoense BC¹ ″ A, G, H, I, J All sterile Phenotypic (sterility) chacoense BC² ″ G, H, I, J All sterile Phenotypic (sterility and fruit size) chacoense BC³ ″ I, J All sterile Background selection with markers (384 plex) chacoense BC⁴ ″ I All sterile Background selection with markers (192 plex) frutescens F¹ PI 1594141 K, L Fertile Phenotypic (sterility) frutescens BC¹ ″ G, H, I, J Fertile Phenotypic (sterility and fruit size) frutescens BC² ″ I, J All families Background segregating selection with fertile/sterile markers (384 plex) frutescens BC³ ″ I, J All families Background segregating selection with fertile/sterile markers (192 plex)

Interspecific F1 progeny were confirmed with SSR markers selected to assess the entire pepper genome, and by phenotype. Such marker-assisted background selection may utilize SSR, SNP, and other genetic markers known in the art. Once the F1 progeny were established, selection in the early backcrosses was based on horticultural traits, in particular the male sterility trait. Male sterile F1 and backcross plants were grown in the greenhouse and pollinated with pollen from various C. annuum nuclear genome donors as listed in Table 2.

Male sterile plants were further backcrossed with C. annuum. In BC2 through BC4 generations SNP markers across the genome were used to select for the C. annuum genome, allowing for a rapid advance in achieving the traits of the recurrent parent and reducing the number of backcrosses needed. The selected CMS Baccatum line was designated 09SP0004 and is derived from PI 159242. Alternatively, another Baccatum line may be utilized. 09SP0004 can be crossed with a variety of lines without the sterility being restored by nuclear genes present in the male parent of a cross or in recurrent parents during a CMS conversion. This is in contrast to the Peterson CMS/Rf system which can be restored in this way. This new CMS system has a very low occurrence of restoration alleles in the breeding germplasm. The new CMS system developed is stable in all types tested to date, which includes the bell type “Como di Toro.” The CMS Baccatum line 09SP0004, listed in Table 3, was used as the female parent for the production of the described seedless pepper fruit hybrid plants, although any other female lines with similar traits may also be utilized.

Example 2 Development of Pepper Lines Displaying a High Level of Parthenocarpy

A set of 9 lines was selected for their high level of parthenocarpy observed in absence of pollination, as indicated under “Male Parent” in Table 3. A high level of parthenocarpy is defined by regular fruit set in absence of pollination independent of the environmental conditions. The fruits growing in absence of pollination are of attractive size and shape from a consumer perspective. The crossing scheme of the present invention is described in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2 and below, the fruits of progeny plants obtained following the crossing of a Baccatum CMS line with parthenocarpic pollinators do not contain, or contain only limited, internal growth structures referred as internal carpelloid structure (Tiwari et al, Acta Hort. 761:135-140, 2007). None of the plants produced seed.

TABLE 3 Line codes of plant material Female parent Male Parent Progeny 09SP0004 07TF0077 09TM0054 09SP0004 05TF0129 09TM0055 09SP0004 06TF0187 09TM0056 09SP0004 07TF0009 09TM0057 09SP0004 07TF0012 09TM0058 09SP0004 07TF0019 09TM0059 09SP0004 07TF0020 09TM0060 09SP0004 07TL0023 09TM0061 09SP0004 04TF0085 09TM0063

Example 3 Evaluation of Fruit Characteristics in Progeny Plants

The progenies obtained by crossing the CMS Baccatum line with the parthenocarpic lines, were grown to maturity and fruit were obtained. Table 4 summarizes the fruit measurements recorded from the progeny plants listed in Table 3. Fruit of the progeny were randomly collected and evaluated for fruit weight, width, length, and presence of seeds and internal structures. Representative fruit are depicted in FIGS. 2-3. The fruit did not contain any seeds, which demonstrates that the male sterility is stable under typical growing conditions. Among the progeny plants, 09TM0055 had the highest level of production in terms of fruit size and regularity of setting. Progeny line 09TM0057 produced fruit of small size and with internal carpelloid structures. Fruit set was considered regular, without undue “flushes” of production.

TABLE 4 Summary of size measurements from fruit of seedless lines. Average Fruit size # fruits Average Fruit (mm) Seed Internal Line code. measured weight (g) Length Width content Carpelloid 09TM0054 9 109.6 9.0 5.8 no no 09TM0055 13 144.8 11.7 6.9 no <3 cm3 09TM0056 2 105.0 10.0 7.0 no no 09TM0057 20 28.8 3.1 4.3 no ~3 cm3 09TM0058 9 87.5 9.0 6.6 no no 09TM0059 7 57.5 5.4 5.4 no no 09TM0060 12 65.8 7.1 5.4 no no 09TM0061 13 59.5 8.3 4.7 no no 09TM0063 7 103.3 8.4 5.9 no no

Example 4 Use of Seedless Peppers to Improve Setting Under Cold Conditions

Twenty pepper genotypes were selected to study the effect of seedlessness on setting of fruit under cold conditions. Of these, 17 lines were segregating for GMS and 3 were segregating for CMS. The trial was organized as an RCBD with 4 repetitions; with 5 sterile and 5 fertile plants per plot. 32 seedlings per genotype per rep were tested with the GMS marker prior to planting. CMS plants were all sterile and were therefore not subjected to marker screening. The trial was sown on July 15 in the greenhouse. Leaf samples were tested for marker screening by August 5th. The trial contained 736 plants since for some of the genotypes as many as 5 sterile and 5 fertile plants per plot were not available. Temperature data were recorded inside the greenhouse compartment. Three harvests were performed, with 1^(St) scoring on December 12th for nodes 0, 1, 2, 3; 2^(nd) scoring on January 18 for nodes 4, 5, 6, 7; and 3^(rd) scoring on March 1 for nodes 8, 9, 10, 11. At each scoring, the following traits were scored on every single plant: fruit number (excluding button fruit); button fruit number; total fruit weight (g); fruit length (cm); fruit width (cm); presence/absence of seeds; and the derived trait of single fruit weight (g). Statistical analysis was performed with JMP analysis software (SAS Software, Cary, N.C., USA). No significant interaction between the sterility status and the repetitions were observed for the measured traits. To correct the analysis for the differences in fruit types/sizes across the different pedigrees, the pedigrees were analyzed as a random effect in the ANOVAs.

Temperature data were recorded inside the greenhouse compartment for the period of December, January and February which coincides with the cold period (FIG. 4). The minimum daily temperature was consistently below 12° C. during that period. In pepper, the formation of malformed fruit is associated with low temperature during pollination. Flattened fruit or “buttons” indicate insufficient pollination (Pressman et al., J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 73:131-136, 1998). The functioning of female flower organs is inhibited at low night temperatures (14° C. or less) which gives rise to flattened fruit. The optimum temperature for flowering and fruit set in pepper is about 16° C. (Pressman et al., 1998), while the optimum 24-hour temperature for yield is about 21° C. To identify the period at which the trial entered cold stress, setting of button fruit across the three harvesting dates (FIG. 5) was analyzed. Button setting increased from the second to third harvest which indicates that the climatic conditions (i.e. mean temperature) were likely sub-optimal for fruit set.

Fruit weight, number, length, and width were analyzed for fertile and sterile plants (Tables 5-6). The weight of fruit strongly correlated with the width of fruit, which is in accordance with what has been observed in other trials. The number of fruits is negatively correlated with the mean width and the mean weight of fruit, which is also in accordance with what has been observed in other trials.

TABLE 5 Correlations on fertile plants fruits fruit weight number Mean Mean Mean per per length of width of weight of scoring scoring fruit (cm) fruit (cm) fruit (g) fruit weight 1.00 0.01 0.10 0.51 0.57 per scoring fruit # per 0.01 1.00 0.08 −0.73 −0.71 scoring Mean length 0.10 0.08 1.00 −0.24 −0.15 of fruit (cm) Mean width 0.51 −0.73 −0.24 1.00 0.92 of fruit (cm) Mean weight 0.57 −0.71 −0.15 0.92 1.00 of fruit (g)

TABLE 6 Correlations on sterile plants fruits fruit weight number mean mean Mean per per length of width of weight of scoring scoring fruit (cm) fruit (cm) fruit (g) fruit weight 1.00 0.25 0.18 0.42 0.34 per scoring fruit # per 0.25 1.00 0.18 −0.61 −0.66 scoring Mean length 0.18 0.18 1.00 −0.25 −0.07 of fruit (cm) width of 1 0.42 −0.61 −0.25 1.00 0.76 fruit (cm) Mean weight 0.34 −0.66 −0.07 0.76 1.00 of fruit (g)

Yield per plant on seeded versus seedless plants per harvest/scoring was analyzed (FIGS. 6A-6B). Yield performance differed significantly (p<0.0001) on seeded versus seedless plants between the first scoring and the two subsequent scorings. In the first scoring, the yield obtained on seedless plants was significantly lower than on seeded plants. On the second and third scorings, the seedless plants yielded significantly more than the seeded plants. This contributed to an overall significantly higher yield on seedless plants than on seeded plants by 9%. When looking within seeded plants, a decrease of yield from the first to the second scoring was seen, likely due to the flushing effect. The third scoring did not recover the level of production observed on the first scoring, perhaps because of the cold conditions as suggested by the increased number of buttons. Yield on the CMS plants (for which the comparison with seeded versions was not performed) showed a similar yield trend as that of the GMS genotype plants, which indicates that use of a CMS sterility system also appears appropriate for these growing conditions.

Fruit number per plant was also examined. Fruit number per plant followed the same trend as yield per plant. A significantly lower number of fruits in the first scoring on seedless versus seeded plants was seen, followed by a higher number of fruits in the second and third scoring on seedless versus seeded plants. Overall the seedless plants produce 80% more fruits than the seeded plants (FIG. 7).

Fruit size and weight were examined for seeded vs. seedless plants. Seedless fruits were significantly shorter and narrower than seeded fruits, by 15% and 18%, respectively (FIG. 8), which is a significantly lighter fruit weight for seedless fruit. On average, seedless fruits were 38% lighter than seeded fruits.

In summary, for the winter growing trial (growing season from July to March), a significantly higher yield on seedless plants versus seeded plants was observed. Seedless plants produced smaller fruits but this was compensated for by the higher number of fruit. Thus, seedless plants yielded 9% more by weight than seeded plants due to an increase of 80% in fruit number. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing seed for growing a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant comprising crossing as a female parent a first pepper plant comprising a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) trait with a second plant which is parthenocarpic to produce at least a first seed of a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the CMS trait is not a Peterson CMS trait.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the CMS trait is derived from a Capsicum baccatum plant.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising harvesting said seed.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising growing a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant from said seed.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second pepper plant does not comprise a functional CMS restorer allele.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a population of seeds of a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein 100% of the population of seeds produces a seedless pepper plant.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant produces a fruit type selected from the group consisting of: bell pepper, pointed pepper, half long pepper, Corno di Toro pepper, and Dulce Italiano pepper.
 10. A seed produced by the method of claim
 1. 11. A plant grown from the seed of claim 10, or a vegetative propagation thereof.
 12. A plant part of the plant of claim
 11. 13. The plant part of claim 12, further defined as a leaf, a bud, a meristem, an embryo, a root, a root tip, a stem, a flower, a fruit, or a cell.
 14. The plant part of claim 11, further defined as a pepper fruit that lacks internal carpelloid structures.
 15. The plant of claim 11, wherein the plant is a bell pepper plant.
 16. A seedless pepper fruit, wherein the fruit is produced by a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant grown from a seed prepared by crossing as a female parent a first pepper plant comprising a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) trait with a second plant which is parthenocarpic to produce at least said seed of a first seed of a parthenocarpic seedless pepper plant.
 17. The seedless pepper fruit of claim 16, further defined as a bell pepper fruit.
 18. A population of seedless pepper fruits according to claim 16, wherein at least about 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% of said population is made up of seedless pepper fruits.
 19. The population of claim 18, wherein the population is defined as comprised of bell pepper fruits.
 20. A method of producing a pepper plant comprising vegetatively propagating the plant of claim
 11. 21. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim
 11. 22. A population of seed produced by the method of claim 1, wherein 100% of the population of seed produces a seedless pepper plant.
 23. The population of seed of claim 20, further defined as comprising at least about 25, at least about 50 or at least about 100 seeds.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the CMS trait is obtained by combining, via backcrossing or by protoplast fusion, the cytoplasm of a C. baccatum plant with the nucleus of a C. annuum plant.
 25. A method of increasing the per plant yield of fruit of a sweet pepper plant, comprising growing plants produced from the seed of the pepper plant of claim 1 at a minimum daily temperature of 14° or under for at least 3 days during the growing period of flowering, pollination, and fruit set.
 26. A method for increasing the number or yield of fruit of pepper plants grown under cold conditions comprising: growing a pepper plant comprising a parthenocarpy trait under cold conditions, and harvesting the fruit produced thereby.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the pepper plant comprises a parthenocarpy trait and a CMS trait derived from C. baccatum. 